Manging Communication Knowledge and Information - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5297 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Information or processed data is essential for any action we take. For example when we are travelling in the road somebody can be gifted with knowing the data such as names of the roads and the direction, but to use it he or she should use this to make the map which can be considered as the information gathered. The knowledge he or she has on using the map correctly to take the decision of choosing the correct road to travel in. which will be stored the person’s mind as wisdom. Whenever he or she wants to repeat the procedure without starting from the first with the gathered wisdom he or she can work out. The same theory applies when carrying out a business. The presence of correct information and the use of correct knowledge in effective decision making. [pic] (Sunday, September 05, 2010 https://www. systems-thinking. org/dikw/dikw. htm. ) 1. INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE 2. 1 USEFUL INFORMATION NEEDED As in all other organisations the mobile manufacturing organisation too has divided the organisation into separate departments. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Manging Communication Knowledge and Information" essay for you Create order Important data from all departments add up to produce important information needed for effective decision making. 2. 1. 1 PAST INFORMATION †¢ The amount of mobiles manufactured within the last five years- by taking and analysing the amount of mobiles manufactured per year in past the five years, information of whether the number of mobiles manufactured has reduced or increased can be gathered. If reduced by what percentage, if increased by what percentage can also be found. The specific years with a drastic increase or a reduction can also be gathered. The variation done for the quality of the mobiles in past five years- any records of increments in the mobiles during the past years will give the information of the intensity the attention the company has given to the quality of the products. †¢ Sales within past five years- the separate figures of the sales of past years together displayed will give the information whether the sales has declined or not. The percentage or th e depth of the angle of decline or increase with the consecutive years is presented. The profits and losses report of the past five years performance- the information of the amounts of profits gained is gathered. That is the decrease or the increased amount of profit with the year. And also is the company has faced any losses and the percentage amount of increased profits and losses can also be found. †¢ The success of the marketing plans implemented in the past- important information about one of the company’s strategies laid within past years is reviled for analysing purpose. Information such as the mistakes, new ideas and so on can be gathered by analysing information produced marketing plans. †¢ Customer feedbacks recorded in the past five years- this will give the most important part for the decision making statements, because all the plans to lay should be based to satisfy the customers. The past records of ant customer feedback will indirectly give information of customer satisfaction over the years. †¢ The most sold model through out existence- the most sold model information will give the model sold and the details of that model. Therefore when choosing the features to be added the decisions makers can make a successful decision. 2. 1. 2 PRESENT INFORMATION †¢ Present manufacturing model with the highest demand- the product details the contribution towards the total revenue the model alone are information that will be important on deciding the features to be added, the quality increments. †¢ Current raw material used details and supplier details- the data provided will act as a test for the suppliers and the raw materials they offer. The need for changes of the raw materials or suppliers can be taken form this. In stock excess amount of mobiles present- the information about the amount of unsold mobiles phones in the organisation can be used by the decision makers to decide on the whether the manufacturing targets should be reduced. Whether there are specific models that need to be eliminated from the manufacturing process. †¢ Technology and machines used at present- this information will great ly help a decision that should be made in differentiation of the mobile quality. Because if the technology and machines used are old then obliviously the quality of the mobiles are low. Do we have enough cash in hand for further production- since the organisation has faced a dramatic sales decline the decisions made to be implemented as a remedy for the cause should be worth trying to make it a success. Laying new strategies will definitely mean more marketing and distribution. And also money should be there to carry out a research on the progress of the strategy laid. Therefore Prior notice of giving information about the how much the organisation can implement will help the organisation to make effective decisions. The number of competitors in the market- information produced from a study about the competitors in the market is the most important when making a decision. Competitors with the largest threat, the competitors products, the new entries are some important information a s trategic level can use when laying term plans. †¢ The most famous ten models in the market at present- information about the company standard in the outer world (market) the level of the mobiles manufactured in the Market can be determined. Comparison between mobile models in the market with the organisation products is also a good method of gathering information on competitor products. †¢ The customer feedback method used at present- if the customer feedback method used is not reliable the organisation will get false information and will not be able to create the mobiles to carter the expected market. The customers will not be bothered to buy the product they produced for them. Therefore an inquiry about the system and methods used for assessing customer feedback is necessary. 2. 1. 3 FUTURE INFORMATION The future information lies with the decision made by the strategic level of the organisation. Therefore basically the future information will include the following- †¢ The new marketing plan- all information about the seven Ps will have to distribute among all departments. This will provide important information to all departments to carry on with the future performance. (Seven Ps include details of product, promotions, place, pricing, people, physical evidence, and process) †¢ Whether the quality of the phones are going be increased- specifically information of whether he quality is to be increased or not, how to increased to contain what should be provided to relative departments. Ex- without having this information the production department will not be able manufacture the expected product, the finance department will not be able to allocate the exact expected amount. †¢ The new technology to be used- this information is related to the previously mentioned informat ion the producers of the mobile phone should know what technology is be used. Whether it’s new or same as used. If new how to use and combine with manufacturing process. The forecasted amount of sales for the coming years- the expected sales is important information that should be produced to all departments. Since all departments should set it as the goal and should work towards it. 2. 2 KNOWLEDGE NEEDED The understanding one gets from the information read or analysed can be considered as the explicit knowledge gained. Members of the strategic and tactical level will get explicit knowledge about the organisation performance over the years and the performance of the competitors by analysing the above mentioned information. For example- when the members go through information like the sales of the past five years, the percentage of customer satisfaction, the most sold model over the past years, the number of each model most demanding models, the present sales and present most demanded model and so on information will give the members the explicit knowledge of whether the sales have increased or decreased over the past years, the amount it has decreased and so on. The information like the competitors in the market before five years and at present, the customer satisfaction, and most famous ten mobile models sold in the market will give the members a clear explicit knowledge of the customer preferences and the competition in the market. With gained explicit knowledge the ability to use the gained knowledge effectively will be aided by the tacit knowledge the members will have. The addition of both will produce very effective decision. When the competition is high the knowledge of having to do something to get the sales increased is tacit knowledge. The members usually get these through experience. That is if the sale are down by a small percentage the members should know what to do exactly. Implementing strategies diversification will be a in vain waste of resources. The choosing of correct method to be applied at the correct time is decided by the tacit knowledge. No body can write a book about what strategy is best for what situation. The situations coming are not exactly the same but may be similar. So past implementation failures and achievements will help the members to decide on an effective strategy/method to be implemented. A good balance of explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge together with the information gathered will create innovative and effective decisions. (* appendix 01 definitions of past, present and future information) (* appendix 02 definitions of explicit and tacit knowledge) 3. 0 DECISIONS TO BE TAKEN [pic] (* appendix 03- description of diagram) Decisions are usually taken in this manner but sometimes the strategic has to go for all three decisions so is the tactical level and sometimes the authority for small matters to take all three decisions types is given. But the probability is high as shown in taking decisions. STATEGIC LEVEL DECISIONS †¢ Financial strength- taking into account the information gathered on financial aspects the decision of whether the finance in store is enough to introduce increased quality products or more featured products or any other plan should be decided by the strategic level. The determination of financial strength has a particular pattern therefore it’s a structured decision. †¢ Increasing product quality or not-on information gathered about product of organisation and other competitor’s mobiles, the level the organisation present mobiles, variation of quality a decision of whether the product quality should be increased or not should be taken. This the exact way of analysing and increasing quality of a product is not recorded; therefore it’s an unstructured decision. Adding new features or not similar to the above decision. On information gathered about organisational mobiles and other mobiles, customer feedbacks a decision of whether the features should be increased or not, whether it should be increased together with the quality are decisions to make. The procedure of such decision making is not specified anywhere therefore it’s an unstructured decision. Technology to upgraded or not-with the need to increase the sale s of the mobiles manufactured strategic level should take decisions about whether technology should be upgraded whether it will help increase sales should be taken. The decision of whether the technology is worth or not has a procedure but how upgrade is not specified therefore it’s a semi structured decision. †¢ Sales target of the coming five years (profit expected)– how many products should be sold and the expected revenue for the coming five years should be decided by the strategic level. This decision is made by the strategic level for all years of existence of the organisation therefore even though the procedure is not recorded there will be a created procedure, it’s a structured decision. TACTICAL DECISIONS †¢ How to increase quality if the strategic level takes the decision to increase the quality should be decided by the tactical level managers. Is it best to increase the picture quality, camera quality, sound or games, should all the models be upgraded or is it best to choose some models are decisions associated. The information about best sold models can aid this decision. Decision is semi-structured. †¢ What features to add- similar to the above decision, with the strategic level decision the tactical level should decide on what are the features to be added, dual sim support, spying camera or any other feature. This decision is a semi-structured decision. †¢ Colour, style and name of the products to enter with increased quality or features- the package, the appearance and the outer designing of the mobiles should be decided before manufacturing. Whether the mobiles will have several colours for the same model, or one colour for one model, which is the most attractive appearance will be decided. This decision is structured because it has a specific procedure. This decision has been made for all the mobiles created in the organisation. †¢ Is the labour skills efficient to move on- after deciding on the above decision the tactical level should be evaluate the employee power to carry on. Since the tactical level is the losest to the operational level so they should decide whether the existing work force and the talent is enough to implement the strategies. OPERATIONAL DECISIONS †¢ The standard of the present technology and machines- the operational level decisions are all connected with the operations done by them. So if a decision of increasing the quality and features is passed by the strategic and tactical level with specific features and quality increments the operational level should analysis the ability of the cu rrent technology and machines. If it’s not enough if they can do a better job they have to take the decision to upgrade the technology used and machines. †¢ Are the raw materials enough for the production with increased quality and changes and to match the set targets- sometimes the raw materials may not be enough to produce mobiles with increased quality, ordering for new raw materials may be needed to enter the new features to the mobile phones. So decision of the amount to re order and from which supplier to reorder is taken by the operational level employees. The daily tasks are usually decided by the operational level employees- when the monthly target is assigned by the tactical level the daily targets are decided by the operational level employees. Since they do not work all days of the month there own decisions of daily targets are set (mostly by employees of the production department) The operational level employees take decisions on daily done tasks. Operational level employees have a smaller percentage of power and authority when compared to tactical level and strategic level therefore they are given with a specific procedure to follow when taking the possible decisions. All most decisions are structured. 4. 0 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND UNDERSTANDING 4. 1 INTERNAL SOURCES AND INFORMATION Internal information is the information generated from within the organisation itself. The sources of internal information can be usually categorized as follows- †¢ Account ledgers- these usually include all details of the finance transaction taken place within and with the involvement of the organisation during the years of existence. This nformation also includes things like the budgets, the financial growth over the years, the financial stability at present is also provided. The account ledgers are generated by the accounts/finance department of the organisation. †¢ Production department- the information passed through this section involves with the information about the product produced, the raw materials needed, the supplier details, the in stock number of mobiles, technologies used and so on. The sales information is some to some extent passed by this section. Marketing department- the reports from this section usually include information such as the current promotions, record of customer feedbacks collected over the past years, the past marketing plans implemented and success and failures, the annual cost spent of marketing purposes per year by the organisation are internal information produced by the marketing department records. †¢ Human resources department- the information gathered from this section mainly in connected with the human resources in the organisation. The amount of new recruits taken, the network or technology analysts taken, the turnover amount over the years of existence, the number of employee in each department, the cost allocated for the maintaining and training the staff are information that will provided this internal source. †¢ Research and development department- the number of researches done during the past years, the cost allocated and invested amounts, the developments done for the mobile phones in the past years are some internal information produced by this department records. Information produced and collected through internal sources are ninety percent reliable. Most of the information is formal information. That is they are gathered from reports, official documents recorded statements and so on. So the information gathered via internal sources has a higher accuracy and reliability than information from external sources. 4. 2 EXTERNAL SOURCES AND INFORMATION External information is collected from outside the organisation sources. Some of the external sources are mentioned below- †¢ Annual reports of competitors-competitor details, the progress of the competitors, there stakeholders and other details of competitors can be taken from the annual reports produced. Word of mouth- these are rumours. Rumours about the organisation product, the competitor products are sometimes taken form rumours. The faults of products and organisations almost all time fly around in rumours. †¢ Government and central bank reports produced- another important external source of information. Form central bank reports produced the organisation can check the s tatus if the business environment. How the telecommunication industry has survived in certain countries. As an international mobile manufacturer the ability to enter into countries can be foreseen by these reports. Newspapers/magazines- sometimes the magazines and newspapers carry out quiz and questionnaires about customer preferences. This information can be used to determine the performance of the mobiles of the organisation plus sometimes prediction about the customer taste can be determined which will help in future productions. †¢ Websites of competitors- similar to the annual reports, but this will give more needed information such the services provided, the product details, the countries they have entered, the prices and many other comparable information can be gathered. . 0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT As a mobile manufacturing organisation information has a vital part not only on decision making about product but information can be used for the growth of the organis ation. So as a recommendation for improvement the organisation can implement a transaction processing system(TPS),management information system, Executive information system(EIS)and a knowledge work system(KWS). By implementing a management information system (MIS) all internal information mentioned under the above topics can be viewed by less than an hour. All internal information systems are integrated and produces long periodic reports for managers including past and present information by management information systems. This system is usually used by the tactical level managers. The entry point of the information is from the Transaction process system (TPS) which is another information system used to enter data into the MIS. The operational level is usually entering the data. The reports such as monthly sales reports are produced. A sale report will show the The KWS and EIS are most important for the strategic level to make decisions for the future. The EIS integrates all internal information plus external information. By entering the information gathered from EIS to KWS new knowledge and possibilities will be shown. By taking the knowledge given by KWS new decisions to be made can be entered into EIS and view the results by the simulation facility provided by the EIS. Mobile manufacturing is connected with the technology. The technology is changing minute by minute so to match the dynamic changes in the environment the mobile manufacturing company should come up with innovative products therefore presence and use of knowledge providing database will be very helpful in decision making and the growth of the organisation. (Testing) Another service that can be provided by the organisation to customers to ensure better sales is by providing a personalized product manufacturing process via the internet. The organisation can start a webpage or an email address for customers to place orders. The features possible to be combined, the colours possible, designs along with the price for each can be displayed to the customers. The customer can be given the privilege to design the wanted phone plus the quantity need and the place the order. After which the products are delivered to any place of the world. Providing of this service also is helped if information systems are added to the working system of the organisation. Since the mobile manufacturing is connected with the technology they can enter into producing other technological products such as laptops, data transfers and so on. This can be considered as product development strategy. The number of products the customers can reach the organisation will increase. As are result the organisation revenue will increase. So even if the sale of one product is done the revenue from the others will be enough to manage the organisation until the problem is settled and hence will not disturb the company growth. These are the recommendations for improvement for the international mobile manufacturing company. 6. 0 MAINTAINING RELATIONSHIPS WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS Strong relationships can be compared to a chemical bond, when together very strong if alone very weak. Therefore stakeholders and organisations hold the same picture. The stakeholders are the better half of any business organisation. 6. 0. 1 STAKEHOLDERS Stakeholders are all who are influenced and are influencing a business are called as stakeholders. The many stakeholders an organisation has can be categorized as shown. [pic] Out of the many stakeholders an organisation has the key stakeholders are the most important stakeholder group for an organisation. The key stakeholders identified are customers, suppliers, Board of director/chairman, Shareholders/investors, and Partners. 6. 0. 2 RELATIONSHIPS Stakeholder relationships are very important to all organisations. The relationships can be building and maintained with networking, networking is staying in touch with every one. For networks to exist the relationships should be healthy. For any relationship to be healthy and least survive the parties involved in the relationship should be satisfied. For example- if the customers are not satisfied with the organisation product the customers will not respond for any interaction made by the company. Special since the organisation is producing a good, mobiles, that customers purchase for daily usage for along period of time. If the organisation fails to fulfil their expectations and make the customers satisfied the customer-organisation relationship will not last long and to satisfy the organisation should understand them. The same is true for all other key stakeholders. If the stakeholders are dissatisfied at heart so will be the relationship. Another very important aspect in relationship maintaining is the respect each party gives and gets from the each other. Therefore organisation should respect the key stakeholders in all matters to keep and maintain a good relationship. For example-suppose a supplier doesn’t deliver goods at the given time from a time of few months. But the suppliers supplies high in quality raw materials always. If the organisation calls the supplier and blames him/her in an unrespectable way without even asking the reason for the delay, the respect of the supplier towards the organisation will vanish. Maybe the delay was because of a hospitalization or a funeral in the family. Instead if the organisation has inspected about the matter, and if the case was due to a funeral or hospitalization a get ell soon card a sympathy card sent would have increased the respect the organisation will get form that supplier. The relationship which was built will remain strongly if respect is given. Response can piece of puzzle to maintain corporate relationships with key stakeholders. The response is an expectation in a relationship. For example- if we take a partner (software developing companies and vendors are examples of partners of a m obile manufacturing company), due to the relationship created may call or visit and ask help on a certain matter. Just because the matter isn’t affecting the organisation the bodies of the organisation should turn him/her down. Whether connected or not save some time to help the partner off the matter by answering the question. When a response expected is given, the stakeholders will feel that they are important to the organisation and hence will think that the organisation is important to them too. Always try to involve as many key stakeholders as possible for important events. For example- a major supplier or two, a major partner or two can be invited to attend the annual meeting of the organisation. A major customer can be invited too, and even asked to do a presentation about his/her perception of the organisation mobile phones. Making the key stakeholders involve in important events of the organisation will enhance the relationships. To maintain a relationship with all the above mentioned points the organisation should firstly establish a method for continuous interaction between stakeholders. With continuous interaction between the stakeholders and organisation can fulfil all point to maintain a healthy relationship. With continuous interaction a lot of information can be communicated to the stakeholders and from the stakeholders. This is most important in the relationship with the shareholders/investors and for the board of directors. The shareholders and investors can be given the information and benefits of investing, by the information flow to and from the board of directors the other members will be given the correction intention of what is expected. Relationships between stakeholders and organisations are very important. By maintaining relationships the organisation can become a key stakeholder of them. 7. 0 RELATIONSHIP BENEFITS FOR ORGANISATION AND DECISION MAKING Customers- customer-organisation can provide with great tips when the strategic level s making decisions. When the organisation is maintaining a good relationship with the customers they have trust in the organisation. Due to this trust customers may tend to give suggestions for the future. Since the customers are the ones that use the mobiles manufactured their suggestion will help the organisation in taking strategic decision of introducing a new mobile or entering into another market. Sometimes the customers can give more precise information about what the market appreciates about the competitor products which too helps the strategic decisions. Suppliers- the suppliers are important to the organisation. f the organisation is able to make themselves a stakeholder of the suppliers, sometimes if the organisation is need of some extra raw material just mentioning it to some of the major suppliers, one of them might agree to supply that raw material too since both have trust on each other. Sometimes they cam suggest on better raw materials which can be used in the place instead for a cheaper price. Indirectly helping the organisation for the strategic decision of investing methods. Board of directors/chairman- are usually involved the strategic level decision making. Beside them there are senior managers included in the decision making. Sometimes the manager’s doesn’t understand the directors much due the lack of interaction. They hold grudges and tend not to take part in decision making much. But with a good relationship suggestions will flow both ways and effective strategic decision can be made/ Shareholders/investors- shareholders and investors, these stakeholders may sometimes be stakeholders of other organisations too. During informal conversations sometimes information about the benefits they get from other organisations when investing can be mentioned. These may act as tips when strategic level is laying plans to please their investors and stakeholders. Partners- there can be many partners for an international mobile manufacturing organisation. Like the customers the partners can give suggestion for market development (entering a new market) and product development (introducing new products) decisions. For example- mobiles nowadays are more technology and software based. A software developing organisation (who is partner) can suggest on new software possible to be integrated into a mobile phone. BENEFITS FOR THE ORGANISATION Not only will the stakeholder relationships help strategic level to make decisions but the benefits of the relationships will be reflected on the organisation too. Firstly by maintaining relationships both organisation and stakeholders benefit. For example consider the supplier-organisation relationship explained above. There the supplier will benefit by getting another order, the organisation will benefit by having a new raw materials at cheaper price. Maintaining relationships will have mutual benefits. Due to the relationships as shown above several suggestions can be made by several stakeholders. By this the organisation can make more practical and sure to success decisions, hence helping the business organisation to make effective decisions. By taking effective decisions organisation can reduce the wastage of finance. For instance consider the customer-organisation relationship and helping the decision making example, suggestion are so more correct matching decisions are made, the cost spent for implementing the decision will not be wasted. Therefore maintaining relationships will be cost effective to the organisation. With all the information flowing from customers, investors and others about the competitor the organisation can be competitive by making by creating innovative mobiles. Differentiations will keep the organisation as a competitor for other and will help it to survive in the market. By effective decisions made, and with the cost effective the organisation will gain, the organisation will have increased profits; the return on investment will be higher. Most of all the organisations need stakeholders for the on going of the organisation, during good tome and bad times. The relationships will ensure that the stakeholders will remain with the organisation during the bad days too. Specially will be important for the organisation in time as mentioned, where the sales declining and needs to take an important decision to ruse up. 8. 0 STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT The following are some strategies the organisation can implement to create and maintain corporate relationships- †¢ Web page- the organisation can introduce a web page for the organisation. Where the customers can visit and learn about all the products and facilities they provide with their mobiles phones. So the customers will not be cheated by any shops or agents world wide who are selling the mobiles. The customers visiting can be asked to enter the email address. So questionnaires, quizzes offers and many more information can be exchanged to and fro. Hence creating respect ad loyalty in customers, building up a relationship. †¢ Special offers for suppliers- a once a years or once a two years bonus scheme for the amount of raw materials supplied can be arranged by the organisation. This will create and enhance the relationships. The organisation can send greeting for seasons for major suppliers enhancing relationships. Get together- organisation can introduce the get together at least once years for the partners and organisation strategic managers. Here the partners and strategic managers will be a chance to interact freely out of business talks. Getting to know the non business personnel within the organisation will create respect in the hearts of partners and hence will make the relationships healthily. †¢ Official meetings. Official meeting or conferences can be arranged once a six month, so the tactical and operational level will get to meet the board of directors. The interaction created will and information flowed both ways will make the board of directors to understand the employees of all levels and they will get to understand the board of director and hence enhancing the relationship of board of directors towards the organisation. †¢ Customer member card- the organisation can present customer membership cards for all customers who are purchase straight from the agents. Where they can be given the service of producing the member card and get discounts of repairs, next purchase (from the same organisation) and so on. The discount amount can be increased with age of their customer membership card. Hence creating a relationship with the customers. 9. 0 CONCLUSION 10. 0 RECCOMENDATION 11. 0 REFFERENCE 12. 0 APPENDIX KNOWLEGDE EXPLICIT TACIT SEMI-STRUCTURED STRUCTURED OPERATIONAL UNSTRUCTURED SEMI-STRUCTURED STRUCTRURED ORGANISATIONAL OPERATIONAL TACTICAL STRATEGIC i i FIGURE 03- DECISIONS DECISIONS UNSTRUCTURED FIGURE 05- DECISION MAKING KEY STAKEHOLDERS Customers Suppliers Board of Directors Shareholder/investors Partners Government Employees Pressure groups Media HIGH POWER LOW LOW HIGH INTEREST FIGURE 05 –STAKEHOLDER MAPPING

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This is an appreciationRead MoreInnovation in the Fashion Industry6995 Words   |  28 PagesThe  history  of  fashion Major  trends  and  developments  in  fashion Company  Selection Analysis  of  the  Companies House  of  Einstein Zara Fragile TOMS Conclusion Teamwork References Appendix                2   Introduction   The  history  of  fashion   In   order   to   fully   understand   where    the   fashion    industry   stands   today   in   terms   of   organizational   forms   and   strategies,   we    first    look   at   the   transformation   this   industry   has   gone   through.   This   paragraph    will    analyze   the  Read Moreâ€Å"a Study on Consumer Behaviour with Reference to Sony Vaio Laptops†14338 Words   |  58 PagesTwo girls walk into their local Cafà © Coffee Day outlet. One goes to the counter and purchases two cappuccino coffees and some other pastries. The other sits at the table and opens her Sony Vaio Laptop. Within few seconds, she connects to the internet using Airtel’s data card. Once on the net, the girl â€Å"Google’s† name of the band that played the soundtrack of the English movie she saw yesterday. The number of websites comes up with advertisements. One of the advertisements was for the sou ndtracksRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. 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Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book isRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesManagement 3.1. Evolution of marketing management 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type q uestions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods

Pop Art Movement Essay - 1127 Words

The Pop Art Movement was one of the biggest visual art movements of the 20th century. Therefore it is extremely significant. Pop Art is simply an abbreviation for popular art work. Numerous artists such as such as Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, James Rosenquist and Claes Oldenburg started this phenomenal movement form the 1950’s and onwards. It came at a time after a two decade period where abstract art was extremely popular. Pop Art is the movement in art when artists began to create art with the subject of things that are the iconic in nature such as famous people, advertising, and movies (things that were popular at the time.) In London, in 1952, a group of artists calling themselves the Independent Group began meeting regularly to†¦show more content†¦After which he became extremely famous. From 1962 onwards he started making silkscreen prints of famous personalities like Marilyn Monroe (see below) or Elizabeth Taylor. The Marilyn Diptych, along with his other famous Marilyn paintings, is based on a 1953 publicity photograph for the film Niagara. He produced this amazing piece of art just a couple of weeks after her death. He was genuinely amazed by her. He wanted to show her to the world in his own unique way. It contains fifty images of the actress, which are all based on a single publicity photograph from the film Niagara. The twenty-five pictures on the left side of the diptych are brightly colored, while the twenty-five on the right are in black and white, and also blurred or faded. It can be found in Tate, Liverpool. It was a very significant piece of art at the time. Roy Lichtenstein developed the comic strip. His style was always the same: black outlines, bold colors and tones rendered by Benday dots (a method of printing tones in comic books from the 1950s and 60s). He explored modern art styles exploration of modernist art styles: Cubism, Futurism, Art Deco, De Stijl, Surrealism and Abstr act Expressionism. He made small adjustment to cartoon’s, newspaper advertising and mainly comic strips. His work is very entertaining and humorous which makes it enjoyable by all. Look Mickey (1961), a large scaleShow MoreRelatedThe Pop Of Pop Art Movement Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pages Pop Art movement, centralised in the United States during the 1950s-60s, was a stage in the post modernism era in which the line between low art and high art was blurred and art was more accessible to the general public (Gambino, 2011). Andy Warhol was an iconic artist during the pop art movement alongside artists like Rauschenberg and Lichtenstein. The artworks, â€Å"Campbell’s Soup Cans† (1962) and â€Å"Marilyn Diptych† (1962), depict icons from two different contexts and illustrate the theme of overRead MoreThe Movement Of Pop Art991 Words   |  4 Pages The term ‘Pop Arts ‘was innovated in the mid-1950s and early 1960 s. Undoubtedly, the god father of this movement is Andy Warhol – the biggest influence on humanity s fixation on visual art. His performance traverses the connection among aesthetic utterance, culture and commerci al. By applying various ways of techniques which included silk screen process (for mass production) and colour settlement, Warhol showed to the world of art his perspectives on media, economics and politics. Thus, thisRead MoreThe Pop Art Movement Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pop Art Movement Pop art got its name from Lawrence Alloway, who was a British art critic in 1950’s. The name â€Å"Pop Art† reflected on the â€Å"familiar imagery of the contemporary urban environment† (kleiner, 981). This art form was popular for its bold and simple looks plus its bright and vibrant colors. An example of this type of art is the oil painting done by Andy Warhol, â€Å"Marilyn Diptych† (Warhol, Marilyn Diptych) in 1962. The Pop art movement became known in the mid-1950 and continued asRead MoreWarhol And The Pop Art Movement2609 Words   |  11 PagesAndy Warhol being not simply a Pop artist, but an American artist who was known as the master of Pop Art, and about two of Warhol’s most famous paintings; Coca-Cola and Campbell’s Soup Cans. Andy Warhol was an artist and filmmaker, an initiator for the Pop Art movement in the 1960s. Warhol used mass production techniques to elevate art into the supposed unoriginality of the commercial cultur e of the United States. Warhol’s early drawings frequently recalls the Anglo-Saxon tradition of nonsense humorRead MoreThe Pop Art Movement Of The 1960 S1051 Words   |  5 PagesComing to the United States in the early 1950’ and reaching its peak of activity in the 1960’s would be Pop art. This type of art was everywhere, billboards, commercial products, and celebrity images. You see this type of art mostly in comic strips. This type of art celebrates the everydays items that people used. Pop art was the start of a new art movement, In the very beginning, PopArt began in Britain in the way early 1950s. Arthistory.com says â€Å" The first application of the term PopArt occurredRead MoreThe Pop Art Movement : An International Phenomenon1438 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pop Art movement was an international phenomenon that began in the 1950’s in which artists like Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol sought to initiate fresh thinking in art. 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LaterRead MoreWarhol : A Artist And A Prominent Figure Into The Pop Art Movement1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Pop Art Movement. Andrew Warhola was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. From 1945 to 1949, Warhola studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. In 1949, he moved and settled in New York and changed his surname to Warhol. He then worked as a Commercial artist. In the earlier years of the 1960’s, Warhol enjoyed experimenting with large mass advertisements, magazines, and other images. In 1962, he started working on the Marilyn Monroe series, which was the beginning of his success as a Pop artistRead MoreAndy Warhol: Influence on the Twentieth Century Pop Art Movement1065 Words   |  5 PagesAs a profound influence on the twentieth century pop art movement, Andy Warhol ascended to become a cornerstone in the modern art world. After taking cues from society in the mid-twentieth century, as well as conversing with Muriel Latow, Warhol did what many artists strived to do but failed. 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On Writing. free essay sample

Take a headlong dive into a subconscious and pull out the inner-workings of the universe. Take a stroll through working chambers pumping blood at a thousand beats per second, each passing year threatening to wear out. Whether one uses the colloquial phrase of life passing â€Å"in the blink of an eye† or â€Å"as soon as we’re born we die,† the memo always plays the same tune. It is inevitable with the exception of Walt Disney and impossible to slow down unless one takes spontaneous vacations throughout the year where they get sculpted, lifted, and reacquainted with collagen. And when it is time to croak, kick the bucket, or see the light, where do the memories go? Stored away in photo-albums and future generation’s recollections, begging to be just one more branch on the family tree? Unless my name is plastered somewhere consequential and significant or my wax replica resides in London’s Madame Tussaudes, I am certainly not leaving it up to chance the impact of my life’s contributions to oral tradition. We will write a custom essay sample on On Writing. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Certainly milestones are important, such as the mental development and self-awareness one experiences through relationships with parents, siblings, friends, spouses, and children. But even then a critical piece is still missing: the idea of immortality. Those that drink from the Fountain of Youth, vampires, and the Gods of Olympus posses the power to snicker upon us mere mortals with our concept of time. Cave drawings, hieroglyphics, and all derivatives of Latin attempt to bridge the gap of our lack of comprehension in our perceived environment. We attempt to order the pieces through compartmentalization such as religion, politics, and hierarchical societies where isms are frequent and laws are accepted by the masses as the norm. However, within these barriers exists loopholes, ways to overcome the stigma, have the ability to raise questions, and to criticize society for its nativity. Naturally, I want to be informed of this grand parody and thus a part of the race against time, a competition against ourselves. In doing so, I will be able to record events, mold them into something of my liking, and create a product that will be enjoyed throughout the ages, appreciated and dissected, becoming one more layer in the sediment of the larger story. Universal emotions and experiences become concrete when written, the consequence of the evolutionary advantage of communication. And in some ways the underlying messages between the lines are in their own way immortal. They are embedded into the history and mind of the human race. They stretch beyond physics and all things logical and comprehensive in the realm of understanding and reason. These words hold the greatest power on planet Earth. For this reason, I want to be a writer.

Auditing and Inherent Risk Management

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Inherent Risk Management. Answer: Factors leading high inherent risk at financial report level: Inherent risk refers to the risks in respect of omission or error in the financial statements because of factors other than weak control system. In this context, Lothe (2013) stated that the chances of inherent risk tends to be high in case of financial audit in case the nature of transactions are complex or if high level of estimates are required for reporting purpose. Companies operating in an environment having high level of regulation without any committee to oversee audit procedures in its organization. On the other hand, the level of inherent risk is also dependent on the financial exposure of an organization. Complex transactions, forecasting for provision requirements and others can lead to inherent risk. In current scenario, the following would have contributed to the high level of inherent risk for One Tel at the financial reporting level: Market competition: Market competition is mainly determined by the number of rival companies operating in the market. The competition in the Australian telecom industry has increased ever since the same was deregulated as currently 35 telecom operators are there in the Australian telecom industry. In this context, McNeil et al. (2015) stated that a high level of market competition raises inherent risk of a company pertaining to financial audit because it becomes tougher to estimate future sales and customer behavior. Availability of substitute services: Presence of a high level of substitute products could raise the chances of bad debt in the telecom industry for a company (Mironeasa and Codină, 2013). It is mainly because of the fact that availability of a large number of substitutes in the market often encourages customers to switch over to other telecom service providers even without clearing the dues to existing telecom operator. This increases the chances of bad debt for One Tel. Actual bad debts could be higher than the estimated one. Incorrect reporting of bad debts in the financial statement could also lower the profit level and impact the deferred tax amount as well. Revenue recognition issue: The nature of telecom services makes it difficult for One Tel in respect of revenue recognition. In other words, the problem is as to when a revenue needs to be recognized. As mentioned by Rust et al. (2011), presence of postpaid connection makes it difficult for a company to recognize its revenue. Here, a postpaid customer of One Tel enjoys telecom services for an entire bill cycle however the bill generated after the completion of a bill cycle is accepted by the customers after a week or week. So, the question arise as to when One Tel should recognize its revenue, at the time of providing services or once the customer accepts the bill. The problem becomes more severe during the close of an accounting period because on the date of the trial balance and income statement it has to be determined how much proportion of the services offered to customers be recognized and reported as revenue. Board autonomy: Autonomy refers to the independence of the directors of the board of a company, One Tel in present case. The autonomy of the board members is determined to a great extent by the number of non-executive directors in the board (Sadgrove, 2016). Higher the number of non-executive directors greater is the autonomy of a board and vice versa. In current scenario, the proportion of non-executive directors of One Tel is just above 50%. An almost equal proportion of non-executive and executive directors in the board of One Tel raises the level of inherent risk for the company. Background of the board members: The inherent risk level tends to be higher when maximum of the board members are from non-financial background or do not have much exposure to financial reporting standards (Sanderson, 2013). It is always a tendency of telecom companies to hire directors from technical background and experience in the telecom industry. However, this practice increases the inherent risk factor in relation to audit of the concerned organization. Lack of audit committee to oversee auditing function: Absence of a form audit committee further increases the inherent risk for One Tel. Audit committee is mainly responsible for monitoring and reviewing audit functions in an organization. It is also the responsibility of the audit committee to communicate and coordinate with external auditors in respect of auditing. Therefore, presence of an audit committee makes the auditing process easier for the external auditors. Similarly, absence of an audit committee might lead to intentional or unintentional omission of vital transactions in the financial statements. This again raises the inherent risk level of One Tel. Training facilities: In the view of Waldron (2016), presence of training facilities in organizations often reduces the degree of inherent risks for the organization. Put it differently, availability of training program makes accountant and internal auditors more competent towards making appropriate financial reporting. Such trainings are useful in clearing doubts and confusion of the staffs in matters of audit. On the contrary, absence of adequate training facilities could raise the inherent risk level for One Tel. State of the economy: The current state of economy is characterized by high level of growth which increases the inherent risk for One Tel. A highly growing economy offers various chances for business expansion and revenue generation for a company which leads to multiple investment and lending transactions (Bowling, 2014). This makes the nature of transactions more complicated than ever before. This further raises the level of inherent risk. Strategic level factors: Above all the factors so discussed, board autonomy, background of the board members, absence of training facilities, lack of audit committee could be viewed as part of strategic discussion and decision making for One Tel. The company can discuss these issues at the strategic level. The purpose of such discussions would be to lower the risks associated with these factors which further contributes to a higher level of inherent risk for the audit. It is the responsibility of the top management of One Tel to arrange for proper training facilities of the internal auditors and nominate board members from core financial background to lower the inherent risks of the company in respect of audit. Furthermore, decision as to formation and functioning of audit committee also falls under the purview of the top management (Beck and Mauldin, 2014). Factors contributing to inherent risk at account balance level: There are certain factors that influence the inherent risk at the account balance level of One Tel. Identification and consideration of these factors can help in reducing the inherent risk at the account balance level. These factors are discussed in detail below: Differential pricing system: The problem with One Tel is that it operates in the telecom sector in which there are no fixed selling price for the services being offered to the customers. There are a huge difference in the price charged by One Tel and other telecom operators from the customers. The difference in service rates is mainly due to the difference in usage of telecom services among the customers and the type of connection used by the customers. It is further observed that One Tel offers various types of telecom connections and various types of tariff packs, recharges and top ups to the customers. This creates problem in accounting for sales revenue. Sales is entered on the credit side of Trial balance and is also recognized in the profit or loss statement. However, undervaluation of sales account would lower the credit side of trial balance and overstatement of sales account can lead to increase of the debit side of trial balance in an incorrect manner (Zeff, 2016). As a result, the debit and credit sid e of the trial balance would not agree. Furthermore, in case both cash and sales are reduced or increased by same amounts even wrongly, then the trial balance would agree as cash is entered on the debit side and sales is entered on the credit side. However, the trial balance agrees in an incorrect way. This is known as compensating error in accounting terminology. Thus, the pricing system increases inherent risk at the account balance level. Prevalence of two modes of service offering: There are two major modes through which telecom services are offered to the customers. These are prepaid services and postpaid services (Zadek et al. 2013). This strategy is followed by One Tel and also by other telecom companies in Australia. Prepaid customers make payment prior to using services in the form of recharge and top ups. On the contrary, postpaid customers pay for telecom services after using the service. In other words, postpaid customers of One Tel are on a billing system and a bill is generated after the close of each billing period. Therefore, the prepaid customers pay in advance whereas postpaid customers pay post use of telecom services. This makes account balancing difficult for the accountants because it becomes hard to determine the amount of prepaid incomes, provision for bad debts and accounts receivables. The confusion becomes as to should the amount received from prepaid customers be treated as direct sales or like prepaid incomes until the services are used . Also, problem arises regarding the amount of provision for debtors and account receivables. It is often a tendency among a good number of postpaid customers to complaint of billing discrepancies after getting the bill and in many case such customers even switch over to other service provider without even paying the current dues. Therefore, accountants might make mistakes in relation to account receivables and provision for debtors. Here, the main issue is whether the billing usage of the postpaid customers needs to be considered as accounts receivable or provision for doubtful debts. In case, the amount is to be segregated into both the accounts then the question arises as to in what proportion the amount is to be segregated into accounts receivable and provision for doubtful debts. Accounts receivable is entered on the debit side of trial balance whereas provision for debtors is entered on the credit side of the trial balance and this increases chances of errors at the account ba lance level. Evaluation of going concern aspect of One Tel: Going concern concept refers to a popular accounting concept which assumes that an organization will stay in the business for a long period of time (William et al. 2016). In other words, it also means that the entity would not stop the business or liquidate its assets or resources all of a sudden. This assumption has a major impact on the accounting treatment of business transactions. For example, based on this going concern concept, intangible assets like patents and others are allocated over the entire useful life of the same. Similarly, the concept of prepaid income expenses and accrued income expenses have also been generated from this going concern concept. In current scenario, the going concern level of One Tel can be considered as moderate. This can be justified by both financial and non-financial factors. Financial factors include fast economic growth of the country. At present, the telecom sector of Australia is growing rapidly which reduces the chances for One Tel to go into liquidation. Also, the company has been able to get a strong market share in the telecom industry which is yet another major factor contributing towards stability of the company in coming future. On the other hand, there has been substantial increase in the cash level of One Tel from $172.6M in 1999 to $335.7M in 2000. The total current assets has risen from $296.2M in 1999 to $628.10M in 2000. Increased debt financing remains a concern. In addition, One Tel has also suffered a huge amount of financial loss in 2000 compared to 1999. On the other hand, cash flow from both operating and investing activities for the year have been $-168.9M and -614.9 respectively. Furthermore, the Australian telecom sector is expected to see the entry of more number of telecom operators in the coming years. Reference List: Beck, M.J. and Mauldin, E.G., 2014. Who's really in charge? Audit committee versus CFO power and audit fees.The Accounting Review,89(6), pp.2057-2085. Bowling, A., 2014.Research methods in health: investigating health and health services. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Gunin-Paracini, H., Malsch, B. and Paill, A.M., 2014. Fear and risk in the audit process.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(4), pp.264-288. Ihendinihu, J.U. and Robert, S.N., 2014. Role of Audit Education in Minimizing Audit Expectation Gap (AEG) in Nigeria.International Journal of Business and Management,9(2), p.203. Jang, J.Y. and Kim, C.N., 2016. An Analysis of the Effects of Knowledge Complementarities on the Performance of Information System Audit: A Perspective of the Resident Audit in the Project Office.Journal of the Korea society of IT services,15(1), pp.113-129. Kannan, Y.H., Skantz, T.R. and Higgs, J.L., 2014. The impact of CEO and CFO equity incentives on audit scope and perceived risks as revealed through audit fees.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(2), pp.111-139. Lothe, R. 2013. Fish feed-research may help reduce world hunger, ScienceNordic, 17 Mar/13, Retrieved on 11, Jul/16 from: 20 https://sciencenordic.com/fish-feed-research-may-helpreduce-world-hunger. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Mironeasa, C. and Codină, G.G., 2013. A new approach of audit functions and principles.Journal of Cleaner Production,43, pp.27-36. Rust, M., Barrows, F., Hardy, R., Lazur, A., Naughten, K., Silverstein, J. 2011. The Future of Aquafeeds, NOAA/USDA Alternative Feeds Initiative, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/SPO-124, Retrieved on 11 Jul/16 from: https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/feeds/the_future_of_aquafeeds_final.pdf. Sadgrove, K., 2016.The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Sanderson, I., 2013. Tools for IT governance assurance: using recent updates of ISACA's Information Systems Audit and Assurance Standards alongside COBIT 5 can help auditors evaluate their organization's information systems governance.Internal Auditor,70(5), pp.51-54. Waldron, M., 2016. The Future of Audit.CFA Institute Magazine,27(3), pp.55-55. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016. Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach. Zadek, S., Evans, R. and Pruzan, P., 2013.Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge. Zeff, S.A., 2016.Forging accounting principles in five countries: A history and an analysis of trends. Routledge.